# Introduction
**What two things are an inescapable part of every human society?**
Two things which are an inescapable part of every human society are:
1. Morality - Commonly understood as society's actual rules and standards of conduct.
2. Ethics - The study of moral philosophy.
> **What two things can ethics be?**
> The two things ethics can be are:
> 1. Descriptive - Describing actual rules or the moral reasoning process.
> 2. Normative - Investigating what we ought to do regardless of what we really do.
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**What are the three main ethical frameworks identified by scholars?**
The three main ethical frameworks identified by scholars are:
1. Utilitarianism.
2. Duty-based ethics.
3. Virtue ethics.
# Utilitarianism
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**What kind of theory is utilitarianism?**
The kind of theory utilitarianism is, is *a teleological theory of morality.*
> **Where does the word teleological come from?** [(1)](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek)
> The word teleological comes from *the Greek word τέλος (télos), meaning end goal or final cause.*
>
> **How do teleological systems of morality judge the rightness of actions?**
> Teleological systems of morality judge the rightness of actions *by the end or outcome of them.*
>
> **What are utilitarians sometimes referred to as?**
> Utilitarians are sometimes referred to as *consequentialists.*
> > **What is the purpose of morality to utilitarians?**
> > To utilitarians, the purpose of morality is *to promote human welfare by maximizing benefits and minimizing harms.*
>
> **When was the most important development in utilitarianism?**
> The most important development in utilitarianism happened *in response to the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution.*
> > **Who were two of utilitarianism's chief proponents?**
> > Two of utilitarianism's chief proponents were:
> > 1. Jeremy Bentham.
> > 2. John Stuart Mill.
# The Principle of Utility and the Theory of the Good
**Who was Jeremy Bentham?**
Jeremy Bentham was *an English reformer working at a time of great industrial, economic, and political transformation.*
> **What did Jeremy Bentham recognize about the Industrial Revolution?**
> Jeremy Bentham recognized that the Industrial Revolution *would alter how businesses operated and how the whole of society functioned.*
> > **Were all of the ramifications of the Industrial Revolution good?**
> > *No*, not all of the ramifications of the Industrial Revolution were good.
> >
> > **What was utilitarianism to Jeremy Bentham?**
> > To Jeremy Bentham, utilitarianism was *a philosophy and instrument for social change and legislation.*
>
> **What were the two basic principles of utilitarian thought?**
> The two basic principles of utilitarian thought were:
> 1. The principle of utility.
> 2. The theory of the good.
>
> > > [!quote] Quote by Jeremy Bentham on the definition of utility
> > > By the principle of utility is meant that principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency which it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question: or, what is the same thing in other words to promote or to oppose that happiness.
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